> 6. policy-making
management software integration
The modernized enterprise manages (namely scientific
management) the development approximately division is 3 times:
(1) the 20th century 60~ 80's, the department interior MIS
construction, its main goal is enhances the department interior the
operating efficiency, saves the expenditure. (2) the 70~90 age,
the enterprise interior CIMS construction, including core technology
MRP, MRP- II and ERP, its main goal is enhances the enterprise
interior service automation and the integrated level, both
additionally receives, and cuts down on expenditures. (3) at the
end of the 90's to the beginning of the 21st century, in the
enterprise, the exterior supply chain management (Supply Chain
Management, SCM) and for consumer's customer relations management
(Consumer Relationship Management, CRM) as well as the electronic
commerce, its goal mainly face the market, realize to take the
customer as the central service automation shift, reduce to the market
demand response time, comprehensively reduce the production cost of
operation, maximum limit optimize each kind of resources and seize the
market.
In 1957, the American 27 productions and the stock controlled
the worker to found US to produce and the stock control association
(APICS), founded the manufacture resources plan (Manufacturing
Resource Planning, MRP) research area. Around 1960, by person
and so on MRP commission chairman Joseph Orlicky used MRP (Materials
Requirements Planning) the principle, developed a set take to keep in
stock the control as core software. Continuously to the 70's,
MRP develops into a mature business management new technology, the new
method and new software. When does MRP need the material
according to the host productive plan table in to decide orders and
produces, according to the demand and forecast will determine and the
control future the material supply and the productive plan. It
provides the material demand the accurate time and the quantity,
belongs to the stock management and the productive plan management
category, also is other business managements foundations.
After enters for the 80's, along with correlation strut
technology the and so on the business management progress and computer
network rapid development, the MRP technology developed the second
stage. This stage key point is enhances the MRP information
sharing degree, causes link in close integration with and so on
production, purchase, sale, financial control, forms with the aid of
to flow to the information flow realization with the fund flows the
integration (two class gathers one) the production management system
namely so-called manufacture resources plan. In order to avoid
the noun confusion, the material demand plan is called as the narrow
sense MRP, but makes the resources plan to be called generalized MRP
or MRP- II. It is develops more perfect and the advanced
business management thought and the method in the MRP foundation, and
has formed the corresponding mature commercialized technology and
software, is the manufacturing industry recognition new generation of
management standard. Compares with MRP, besides the material
demand plan function, MRP- II also increased the productivity plan,
the production movement of control, the purchase and the material
management plan, the material demand and the productivity simulation,
involves the manufacture, retails with the financial three major
parts, is the integration rate higher business management information
system.
In 1973, American scholar Joseph Harrington (J. Harinton)
proposed for the first time the CIM concept, will be unceasingly rich
in the later 20 years and the development. It is uses the
computer, the network, the data bank technology and the modern
management method, including MRP, MRP- II as well as core application
technology and so on ERP, domain the and so on enterprise's product
design, production manufacture, sales service human resources, the
financial resource resources, the material resource and the
information resource integration, enhanced the production efficiency,
the product quality, the enterprise strain capacity and the
competitive ability.
ERP is the MRP- II expansion and the enhancement, also is one of
CIMS core technologies. But MRP- II was still the ERP important
constituent. The ERP concept first was consultant firm proposes
by Gartner the Group in 1991. It certainly is not a sole theory,
but is flows the logistics in the thing (Logistics), Harvard
University Professor M. Porter the value chain, Harvard University
Professor Michael Hammer and James Champy which proposed to the 1980s
the service flow reorganization which proposed in 1991 (Business
Process Reengineering, the 21st century manufacturing industries
strategic - agile manufacture which BPR), in 1994 the American
Department of Defense and the the Caspian Sea university proposed
(Agile Manufacturing), at the end of the 70's Japan Toyota company's
production method - punctual production (Just In Time, JIT), the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) the excellent production
which proposed in the JIT foundation (Lean Production) the way, 戴明
and the Milan professor's Total Quality Management (TQM), the American
nationality Israel expert E standard 德拉?restraint theory
(Theory Of Constraint, TOC) as well as management accounting's newest
theory and so on in a series of advanced management thought foundation
develops. It from shifted enterprise's management core "in the
correct time manufacture and the sales customer demand appropriate
product" "in the best time and the place, obtained the resources the
biggest increment and the enterprise biggest benefit." Based on
this idea production, manages the core the shift, ERP also from most
early starts using the MRP technology manufacturing industry to expand
to other professions. In the function (for example supply chain
management, high level leadership decision-making information system,
on-line analysis processing, data mining, knowledge chain management,
advanced plan with 排产, customer relations management and so on)
and the service integration rate (for example enterprise interior,
exterior and so on) on, all had the recent development, becomes now
the most advanced management information system pattern.
The early ERP technology attenion enterprise interior service
flow automation and the optimization, still was the western enterprise
in 20th century 80~90 age initial period attention focal point.
After the 90's, along with the market competition intensity, the
enterprise transform intensify as well as take the customer as central
thought prominent, force the enterprise specially are the
transnational group pay attention to the enterprise exterior service
flow automation and the optimization, this is the 1980s proposed for
the first time, 90's day by day mature SCM and the CRM thought, the
method, the technology and software produce with the development goal.
Its function is takes and does well exterior resources the
optimized use (the attention: The customer relations also is the
important new resources), the optimized entire supply chain and the
customer supply and demand, reduce the product development, the
production, the sale, the service cycle, reduces various links cost,
the increase profit and so on. The supply chain management
thought and the technical introduction expands the business management
from the production management to the management management, expands
from the enterprise internal management to the enterprise exterior
management, by the thing class, the fund, the information flow
management expands the effective disposition, the control and the
management which to the customer class, the knowledge flows.
Enhances the operating efficiency, reduces the cost is the
management and the service flow revolution core goal. Before,
when the on-line system expense excessively was high, has hindered the
service flow reorganization integration or the integration to between
the supplier, the customer and producer's. The Internet
appearance, causes between them the boundary to desalinate fuses, for
supplied the chain management to provide the guarantee.
ERP and the SCM integration will produce the manufacture and the
supply and sales activity direct integration or relates together, but
ERP and CRM integration then or relates the cost and the profit
activity direct integration together. It can be said that, SCM
and CRM are the new generation of ERP idea foundation.
The knowledge chain management also is the ERP another
development direction. From the 1980s, the overseas economist
namely proposed the knowledge is the important essential factor which
the economy grows. ERP in under the 21st century knowledge
economy environment, will bring into line with the enterprise or
society's knowledge resources in its management, namely the knowledge
creation, the recognition, the gain, the development, the
decomposition, the storage, the transmission, will inherit, sharing,
the judgment, the use and so on organizes with the production
management connection, to interweave with the management matrix in the
same place knowledge chain (Knowledge Chain), and will carry on the
management which effective will optimize.
Also Corporation stated according to Gartner Group that, at
present traditional ERP already arrived goes against, the new pattern
- cooperation commerce which displaces (Cooperation Commerce,
C-Commerce) already appears. But, at present still take ERP as
the core, and expands to SCM and CRM. Probably crosses about for
4 years, SCM and CRM with ERP equally important. But ERP will
reduce 40% in enterprise's application scope, will only become the
enterprise system a part. ERP, SCM, CRM and so on all will
integrate in the cooperation commerce system.
Famous supply chain management software company Siebel rehas
defined the customer relations, the partnership management (Partner
Relationship Management, PRM) relates with the employee the management
(Employee Relationship Management, ERM) brings into line with to the
new edition in. The new product already has in technical the
breakthrough, also in some idea conformity (although these two
concepts are not first proposed by Siebel, but they relate partnership
management as well as employee software which management turns may
move and operate).
With retails the management about PRM, supplies the difference
which the chain manages, Siebel thought PRM treats as the partner the
merchant extending, namely the merchant in aspect and so on sale,
marketing provides the service, encourages the partner to be loyal.
ERM and HR (human resources) differently in where? HR is
concentrates the human affairs and the salary management and so on,
reflects is the static information, is behind the enterprise uses;
But ERM mainly uses in to understand the customer service the
situation, involves the scope in a big way, the conformity information
are more, but also may make the staff to understand many organization
interior the thing, originally will be in each department the help
tabletop conformity to get up, provides training, will enable the
staff mutually to exchange, will do the work through the cooperation.
Siebel redefines the customer relations, the implication is does
not have ERM and PRM product itself is not a complete CRM product,
cannot satisfy today customer the need.
7. markets, environment and production managements integration -
factory intellectualization
In 20th century, the petroleum industry will have truly
had the huge change, the 21st century will be able to have a bigger
change. One of its reasons is, we will need compared to the past
by oneself experience 50 years more technologies, in these
technologies to support the strength and the penetrability are
strongest when is the information technology. Speaking of the
refinery, the next 20~30 year development will be able to surpass
formerly for 70 years.
The future refinery will be is clean, the intellectualization
and produces the high attachment value product the refinery.
Clean (Clean) meant the environment is friendly; The
intelligence (Smart) meant highly integrates. It has the rich
data and the knowledge, according to quota chemical reaction project
model control operation. These models including entire
enterprise, but not only is restricted in builds up the chemical plant
each activity, and real-time optimized its benefit. The
microminiaturized sensor and the advanced model carry on the track and
the control in the molecular level, to the product leaves the plant
from crude oil entering shop, guarantees each barrel crude oil to
realize the greatest latent value. The miniature intelligent
sensor on-line real-time completes the chemical examination analysis.
The material and the equipment also all are an intelligence, in
inlays the sensor to be possible parameter and so on second-by-second
measurement temperature, vibration, stress, strain, and may carry on
the forecast service.
The new generation of intelligent catalyst will appear,
petroleum chemical industry product receiving rate 4% does not enhance
the several fold from at present to the crude oil process load.
The new response technology and the membrane technology
appearance, will enable the separation craft to be allowed to realize
the precise molecular control. Lubricating oil (fat) the
molecular intellectualization, precisely will design the member, the
realization time release function.
The dynamic computer network will be building up the chemical
plant movement. The tens of thousands of sensors may realize the
networking, the real-time transmission entire builds up the chemical
plant the data and the picture information, and provides the data for
the strict real-time optimized model, unifies with the component
model, describes the event and the technological process on the
molecular level, forecast the product composition, realizes the entire
factory continuously real-time to optimize.
The chemical survey analyzes into the essential technology.
Cheng Beihuo several dozens time of places enhancements survey
analysis resolving power and the sensitivity, the analysis cycle will
reduce 1/10. The establishment distribution network, with the
industrial control integration is a body, promotes LIMS (Laboratory
Information Management System) the technology, generally uses such as
the nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,
NMR) and so on the technology, the realization member level real-time,
on-line, the multi- targets, multipurpose, the multi-purpose chemical
examination analysis. The traditional quality chemical
examination analysis room by real-time, on-line, the continual product
quality, the ingredient analysis system displaces, maximum limit
improves the process control and the environmental monitoring quality.
Along with the computation ability promotion, the optimization
will extend to the factory district outside, including the entire
enterprise, will choose from the crude oil to the product delivery
makes a profit the ability, maximum limit will carry on the
optimization. The entire enterprise constitutes the integrated
model, (by linear programming technology primarily) is composed by a
grouping level connection decision-making tool. The uppermost
layer for the enterprise level service model, the intermediate level
is the refinery model, the first floor installs or the process model
for Shan Tao, like chart 8 shows, guarantees real-time carries on the
optimized decision-making in the correct time.
[ IMG>2005758312018439.jpg [ /IMG>
Develops the expert system, the artificial intelligence
decision-making consultation tool, each level all widely uses the
auxiliary decision-making. The development supply chain manages
the new method, establishes the buffet -like new supply relations,
promptly supplies goods, carries on the cargo automatic tracking,
realizes the small stock and the zero stock. The establishment
global network, supports the global supply chain activity.
Through the information technology widespread application and
the standardization, enhance the efficiency of supply, sharpens the
market strain capacity and the keen production level.
The information technology has brought the equal opportunity for
many enterprises. To the traditional industry is this, to the
emerging industry also is this; Right "the sunrise industry" is
this, right "the setting sun industry" also is this. On the
petroleum industry theory, we should hold the opportunity, cannot only
wait for the all things ready, "successful"; But should "open a
canal pilots", the realization surmounts. Uses the electronic
information technology promotion, the armed and the transformation
tradition industry as soon as possible, pours into the new vitality
for it, welcomes a production process various links integration, the
production process and the management integration, the enterprise and
the social environment integration with ours wisdom, the balance
coordination neolites oiling industry!
|
