First, remote sensing information technology in environmental protection domain application development significance

The remote sensing information has provided global or the wide range pintpointing high frequency macroscopic environment image. It expanded people's field of vision, develops infrared to from the visible light, spectrum scope and so on the microwave, deepened the people to the ecological environment understanding. Mathematical model establishes which in the remote sensing and in the geographic information system foundation, has realized the space and the time shift, changes over to in the room in the space by the open country, in the time from the past, the present research will develop to the three-dimensional space in the quota forecast future.

Remote sensing information technology to environmental science development important impetus function. The remote sensing information science from the theory, the technology and the method further the Earth aerosphere, the hydrosphere, the biosphere took is complete, the opening, the non-linear system, take the modern high-tech as the method, comprehensively, comprehensive, systematically studies the Earth ecological environment system each essential factor and its the reciprocity, establishes in the global criterion the relations and the change rule. In view of the global environment question, the various countries proposed a series of large-scale international environmental remote sensing information corporate plan (has has put into practice). These plans has fully demonstrated the remote sensing information science in the environmental protection domain function and the status.

Carries on the monitor using the remote sensing information to the environment, gained the ecological environment change master data 图面 the material, has provided the desert advancement, the land salinification and soil erosion, the ecological environment worsens (for example acid rain to vegetation's pollution), the industrial waste and the sanitary sewage to the water body pollution, the petroleum to the sea pollution and so on the basic condition and the degree of development data and the material, for macro-scientific policy-making and so on the environment management and government has provided the basis.

The remote sensing information technology has provided the brand-new research method for the environmental science. It symbolized front, junction * discipline and so on information acquisition and analysis processing method starting, has the vital significance. The remote sensing information technology theory and the method in the environmental monitoring, the appraisal and the environment disaster investigation as well as under the geographic information system support analysis forecast the various aspects have the widespread application prospect.

Second, remote sensing information technology in environmental protection domain application

The remote sensing information technology still occupied in the environmental protection domain application the start stage, some essential technologies still had to break through, some applications have not achieved practical, the industry goal. But the existing achievement has fully demonstrated the remote sensing application bright prospect.

1. In air pollution monitor application

(1) city air pollution monitor

Each kind of atmospheric source of pollution distribution map compiles which based on the aviation remote sensing monitor material, has demonstrated the built-up district factory chimney and the high energy consumption distribution, but in the old built-up district business district, the population 密集�?and the transportation supports stops up the distribution to use the aviation multi- spectra photography method, according to the identical thing different spectral characteristic, carries on computer processing, may monitor the air pollution the main pollutant, the pellet size and the spatial region distribution.

(2) air pollutant proliferation rule research

The remote sensing may observe in the atmosphere the aerosol type and its the content distribution, the atmospheric micro gas lead hangs the distribution. According to the hot infrared scanning picture analysis research, may propose the city terrestrial surface radiation temperature and the city "the hot island" the phenomenon forms relations.

2. In interior water body pollution monitor application

The application remote sensing method, may fast monitor the water body source of pollution the type, the position distribution as well as the water body pollution distributed scope and so on. Discharges the area water temperature generally to be higher than the natural water temperature, may conveniently survey with hot infrared remote sensing technique. Its temperature resolution may achieve 0.2°C. Each kind of factory disperses into the sewage because to contain the material ingredient differently, causes the sewage the color to be also different, the passable determination remote sensing picture density has distinguished pollutes the water body. Determined these pollute the water body often to use the color density method, namely to pollutes the water body QU type through the conventional method, establishes the different water body pollution type and the density as well as with the remote sensing picture density correlational dependence.

3. In marine pollution monitor application

(1) uses the infrared scanner surveillance oil pollution

Uses the infrared scanner (use wave band is 7.5 ~ 14 mu m) photographs the ground and the sea level hot picture in the daytime and at night, but effectively monitors the sea level the oil pollution. Applies the infrared scanner to be allowed to determine the radiation temperature the bad value, may demonstrate the sea level from the hot picture the oil pollution and its the distributed situation. Calculates 厚油�?the radiation temperature and the water radiation temperature difference in the hot picture, must be higher than the thin layer lubricant film and the water radiation temperature difference, may differentiate the sea level lubricant film by this thickness.

(2) marine pollution monitor

In the water body the different matter obtained the varying degree demonstration in the sea water color various wave bands image. Through visual, the photoelectricity method solution translates interprets, or carries on processing by each kind of different pattern using the computer, may obtain the sea level aerosol silt, the plankton, the soluble organic matter, the sea level lubricant film and other pollutant and so on the sea water color different information. The use visible light remote sensing (coastal zone water color scanner, fluorescence water color imagery meter, multi- wave bands visible light scanner), the infrared remote sensing (infrared radiac set, infrared scanner, thermal imaging device), the microwave remote sensing (microwave radiometer, radar) as well as the laser scanner and so on, may obtain the above each kind of institute to need the information.

4. Analyzes the city ecology and the environmental pollution using the remote sensing information technology

(1) city ecology and environmental pollution

Using the satellite or the aircraft-borne hot infrared picture, through the picture processing technology, may regularly demonstrates the thermal pollution distributed scope and the intensity. If Wuhan in 1988 used hot infrared remote sensing technique to carry on the investigation, discovered the city hot source amounted to 185, the city hot island center then mainly distributed in the Hankou old city. City hot CHANG is creates the old city air pollution degree to the ecological environment influence to intensify, the atmospheric diffusion comes under the suppression, the ecological environment worsening. Surrounds the old city the high temperature 热异�?belt, creates in the old city atmospheric turbidity to advance with the oxygen balance is out of balance, in calm midsummer season especially obvious, the harm is bigger to the human body.

(2) ecological environment monitor

According to the vegetation spectrum index of reflection and its the image characteristic, the use promises the Arab League satellite scanning radiac set 1st, 2 channels, the Landsat multi- spectra scanner (MSS) and the subject plotting machine (TM) the related channel image data material, may attain the QU many vegetation information paper, like vegetation 覆盖�? leaf area index, vegetation type and so on. The vegetation index has the very big application value in the whole world environmental variation, the local area climatic change monitor also has the very major function to the climate frail belt in. Uses the multi- spectra related data and its the production vegetation index, after picture processing and the quantitative analysis, may carries on the classification to the global various areas vegetation and the land condition, forest felling, urbanization environmental variation advancement and so on the monitor land desert.

5. Monitors using the satellite remote sensing information technology development environment disaster

(1) red tide analysis

In our country, from Persian Gulf to South China Sea, in the last few years, has many times the red tide occurrence every year. Late September, 1989, the US Landsat TM picture reflection Persian Gulf red tide extremely was clear. The red tide area spectral characteristic is the algae organism, the silt and the sea water compound spectrum. Contains the aerosol silt the sea water, in the spectrum yellow red wave band scope, has the very high index of reflection, but suddenly drops after the infrared wave band. Contains the red tide biology sea water, the TM3 wave band value contains the silt sea water to be slightly lower than. Drops gently in the TM4 wave band, only then suddenly drops to the TM5 wave band, this is because the red tide contains chlorophyll A forms in the thioindigo red area absorption and after 0.69 mu m steep slope effect. The satellite remote sensing may monitor the time, the place and the scope which certain red tide occurs, and real-time carries on the red tide according to the hydrometeorology material to report at once.
(2) the geological environment disaster investigates

With the remote sensing technology investigation and the landslide, the mud-rock flow related environmental factor (for example structure spot, formation lithology, break, water-bearing zone, vegetation cover, land utilization and so on), extrapolated the landslide, the mud-rock flow growth environmental factor and has the condition, carries on the region risky district and the forecast, may provide the basis for the preventing and controlling geology disaster.

6. Satellite remote sensing in whole world environmental monitoring function

A whole world environmental variation monitor important question is needs to understand the atmosphere has the radiation and the chemistry important micro gas in the global scope space and time distribution and the change tendency, specially CO2, CO, CH4, O3, N2O, NO2, NH3, (CH3) 2S, H2S and SO2. First time has obtained the temperature and H2O with the nimbus cloud series satellite embarkation passive form sensor, CH4, the HNO3 global information. In 1978 launched on nimbus cloud 7 has carried TOMS (total ozone quantity charting spectroscope), observed the global ozone distribution, has made the contribution in the discovery ozone hole aspect, has obtained and 平流�?center the ozone layer destruction related important information. Presently, the value pattern plays the vital role in the global change research, the measurement result horizontal resolution should approximately be equal to the value pattern horizontal resolution which uses.

Third, remote sensing information technology in environmental protection domain application forecast

According to the remote sensing technology (RS)"3S" which with the geographic information system (GIS), the global positioning system (GPS) unifies the technical development tendency, should impel its system technology conformity, and enters the electronic information network. Should develop "3S" under the national department concerned support the technology applied research, causes "3S" the technology in the our country environmental protection domain display huge function. The research and the application should be with emphasis develops collection GPS, RS, GIS to a body, the keep with surroundings protection domain application synthesis multi-purpose remote sensing information technology.

1. In order to realize the sustainable development to develop the region environment information the management analysis

The region sustainable development research is a giant systems engineering. It involves the information has the type many, the data quantity is big and so on the characteristic. GIS has the input, the storage, the inquiry, the retrieval, processing, the analysis, the renewal, outputs each kind of spatial information the ability, is the generalized analysis, appraises and provides the sustainable development plan decision-making the effective tool. Therefore, should establish collection GPS, RS, GIS to a body sustainable development information system and the network, and completes the information the scientific management and the analysis work, guarantees the intelligence transmission to be smooth, achieves information sharing the goal.

The sustainable development information system and the common information system main difference lies in, it specially pays attention to global and the region resources dries up with the environment worsening condition. Besides can promptly obtain the dynamic information take "3S" as the foundation sustainable development information system network, but also can fully using the storage in each department's each kind of information to the region environment, the society, the economy carry on the generalized analysis, the system simulation research, provides the scientific basis for the sustainable development and the decision-making.

Will forecast the next 10 years, the new generation of satellite image resolution will have the large scale enhancement. Under the expert system support, the computer recognition precision also will have the distinct improvement, the remote sensing and the geographic information system integration already the prospect which will be will be allowed to see. "3S" the system integration technology finally will complete the new ground three dimensional information and the geography code image reality now and then the real-time gain and the processing system, will fast form fast, the high accuracy information processing flow. This has the profound significance to the remote sensing technology in the environmental protection domain using the development.

2. Establishment country environment information system

The national environment information system establishment is the remote sensing and the geographic information system technology practical application inevitable result. The national environment information is the national important strategic resources, the environment database is the national environment information construction core. 20 for many years, environment investigation and its graphic document, data from uninterrupted. But the division of vertical, from the adult department, also are many for the department all, very difficultly carries on the environment quantitative space analysis and the synthesis appraisal in data sharing and under the geographic information system support. Therefore, and unifies the standard standard in the unified plan under the premise, take the department and the region database as the foundation, establishes the distributional national environment database, is an extremely urgent duty.

The national environment information system is the sustainable development important technical strut. Our country is advancing the acceleration correspondence network the construction, is urgent needs under the remote sensing technical support, carries on the regular orbit renewal to the national environment database, and under the geographic information system support, establishes based on the big coordinated total information feedback and the synthesis coordinated mechanism. "China's Agenda 21" in the priority, needs to establish more than 40 information systems, enhances to the resources and the environment macroeconomic regulation and control ability, for our country economy and the society sustainable developmental strategy, the layout and the tendency makes the forecast, for the environment management, the environmental protection as well as the realization environment, the economical, society's macroeconomic regulation and control provides the scientific data and the policy-making support.

"3S" the technical integration, has listed as our country "95" the technical development 15 heavy center heavy attacks project. In this kind of integration, GPS mainly uses in real-time, fast to provide the goal the space position; RS uses in real-time, fast to provide the big area surface object and its the environment geometry and the physical information and each kind of change; GIS is carries on the synthesis processing analysis and the application platform to the many kinds of origins space and time data.

This kind of high-tech integration has the many kinds of ways: GPS and the GIS integration may use in aspect and so on environment dynamic monitor, self-piloting, environment management; GPS and the RS integration may use in automatic fixed time data acquisition aspect and so on environmental monitoring, environment disaster forecast; RS and the GIS integration may use in the whole world environmental variation monitor, the spatial data automatic renewal and so on.

Observes "3S" to the place the integrated system development tendency is introduces the expert system and the modern communication, thus forms the geography information science and the project. The expert system introduction will make every effort to cause the data acquisition, the renewal, the analysis and the application more automated and the intellectualization. The modern communication, is constructing in particular the information superhighway information superhighway will provide the guarantee for the geography information in the environmental protection various departments' dissemination and the application.