Since > the 1980s, along with the
economical development and the population growth, Che Heren
contradiction have changed more and more incisively, traffic
congestion and blocks the phenomenon to be day by day serious, the
transportation pollution and the traffic accident and so on are
puzzling the transportation enterprise development day by day.
The road network has not been able to satisfy the volume of
traffic aggregate demand the traffic capacity. After long-term
and extensive research, the intelligent transportation (ITS) becomes
the recognition the solution transportation question most effective
method. Japan, US and Western Europe compete to invest the
massive manpower, the physical resource conducts the research to the
intelligent transportation, has raised a transportation domain
revolution.
1 intelligent transportation synopsis
Japan is in the world most early develops the
intelligent transportation country, as early as in the 20th century
70's, Japan for solves the person to be many, Che Duo, but Lu Shao
contradiction, takes the lead to develop the synthesis road service
system (CACS). After enters for the 80's, Japan started the
path/vehicles communication system (RACS) the project research, it is
the automobile guidance system foundation. At the same time,
Europe also starts 2 research plans: Highly effective security
European transportation system plan; Europe traffic safety and
road system plan. But US also is carrying on the intelligent
vehicle route system (1VHS) development. To the 90's, the
intelligence transportation system has consummated day by day, and
starts to enter the practical application stage. In Japan, from
1992 11,998 years in October, altogether sold 3.45 million sets of
guidance systems, the sales volume occupies the world first.
Establish one after another with the intelligent transportation
related each kind of synchronizing gear and the development facility.
In August, 1990, US first established the national ITS
unification coordination to organize IVHSAmerica. In 1991,
European Union has also established the ITS synchronizing gear.
In, 1994 has November held the ITS world congress in the French
Paris. From this time on, ITS entered the fast development time,
receives the various countries highly to take.
At present said that, the intelligence transportation system
mainly includes following 7 aspects: (1) advanced traffic
control system (ATMS); (2) advanced transportation information
system (ATIS); (3) advanced vehicle control system (AVCS);
(4) advanced mass transit system (APTS); (5) is new flows
the system (NFTS); (6) unusual transportation urgent recovery
system (SEVMS); (7) transportation facility management system
management system (TIMS).
2 electronic maps and its in intelligent transportation
function
The electronic map is the geographic information system
one kind, it has had the geographic information system majority
function. The intelligence transportation system majority of
information all need to express through the electronic map. The
electronic map can the digital signal (including after digital map,
remote sensing digital image and voluntarily digitized gathering data
carries on digital signal which visible processing forms) and the
simulated signal demonstration on the computer screen.
The electronic map mainly has two aspects to affect: One
is the multi-dimensional map static demonstration and the dynamic
demonstration function; Two is under the dynamic environment the
spatial database and the special database diosmosis. Two aspects
mutually affect, completes in together G1S the spatial data vision
duty. In the intelligent transportation electronic map took the
spatial information specially is the transportation information
visible product, and the environment even is the sense of hearing
feeling way transmission gives the transportation route by the vision
the user, becomes the intelligence transportation system and the user
exchange most important tool, therefore, the electronic map
manufactures the quality, directly affects the intelligence
transportation system the success or failure.
3 intelligent transportation neutron map characteristic
In the intelligence transportation system, the
electronic map except has the additive system; Chart article
supplementary, auxiliary reading, content by user from definition,
more widespread information sharing and so on outside common
characteristic, but also has own characteristic.
3.1 lines between two points surface synthesis, but by striation
essential factor primarily
Take the transportation as the special electronic map
main initial point shape essential factor (traffic light, charge
station, gas station, highway access, bus stop, 小码 is prime), the
striation essential factor (route, all levels of roads, all levels of
railroads and so on), the surface shape essential factor (parking lot,
airport, harbor and so on) reflected the transportation detailed
information, satisfies the transportation service the request.
But the intelligence transportation system function demand had
decided the striation essential factor is main. The vehicles
navigation, the most short circuited stub choice, the public
transportation vehicle route, the stream of vehicles control, the
urgent rescue line choice and so on all occurs in the striation
essential factor. Therefore, the striation essential factor is
the entire transportation electron map core.
3.2 requests the base chart scale type to be many, but by big
scale primarily
The intelligence transportation system needs each kind
of criterion the scale, as slightly as 1: 1 million, is big to 1:
5,000 or l: 2,000. The different scale electronic map has
contained the different content, serves to the different object, like;
1: l000000 electronic map has contained in national or the
province main road, the main transportation facility, the
transportation key position, mainly serves the national route, the
navigation, the traveling line design. But 1: 5,000 or 1: 2,000
electronic maps contained all buildings (including 民宅), the sign
note have been away from (the unit: M) and all streets, mainly
serve the small region railroad, the highway construction, the airport
construction, go on a journey the choice, the dynamic monitor.
Intelligence transportation system main application in city,
thus is big to the big scale electron map demand quantity.
Moreover, the big scale electronic map can demonstrate all
buildings, enormously have facilitated the user.
3.3 supports dynamic demonstrations, timeliness is good
The transportation environment is filling the change
factor, the electronic map in under these factors influences,
unceasingly carries on the dynamic alignment. The intelligence
transportation system data pool unceasingly spreads to the outside
change information in the electronic map database, the electronic map
then real-time reads takes the database the content, the change
information demonstrated gives the user. For example: In
the electronic map expressed the traffic light mark along with is also
red, yellow, the green traffic light synchronization change.
Again for example: Along with the urban construction and
the temporary traffic scheduling request, to the road administration
condition change, supposes to the path traffic control stipulation
turns (for example specific line, left-hand turn prohibited and so on)
changes as necessary but closes some traffic lane in period of time
and so on ?the situation. This time, can appear the
adjustment in electronic map general which adapts with it.
4 intelligent transportation neutron map information
acquisition
Transportation information type many, the data plate is
big, therefore must select the many kinds of methods to gain the
information, can guarantee the information comprehensive, timeliness
and the reliability. At present said that, the feasible gain way
mainly has the following several kinds.
4.1 direct gains
To the majority of foundations geography information,
the country and the majority of areas, the city one after another have
all established own foundation geographic information system.
These foundation geographic information systems took the
information the carrier already has played the vital role in all the
various trades' and occupations' application. The country has
established the ratio scale is 1: 1 million and most newly completes
1: 250,000 foundations geography information database. The
majority city and the area have also established the greater ratio
scale (for example l: 5,000 or l: 2,000) foundation geography
information database. Regarding these already the information
which has, may directly take the electronic map the data pool,
directly goes into storage after the organization.
The partial transportation topic information may from other
systems, like the traffic light control system, the vehicles charge
system, the tour information system, gain and so on public
transportation vehicle dispatch dynamic change table. In these
systems includes the transportation topic information which greatly
removes. Reorganizes the related path, the main construction,
the servicing facility when the induction and so on the sign special
information, must carefully consult and refer to the city aspect the
handbook as well as the vehicles pilot driving guide and so on the
related literature material, makes every effort the information
accurately, is comprehensive, in order to completes the electronic map
well the data acquisition work. When must pay attention
withdraws certainly is not more the better, should take be useful as a
premise. Only has to the electronic map useful information only
then person storehouse, but other discard.
4.2 digitized gains
Regarding has not constructed the storehouse the
foundation geography information and the transportation topic
information, the most commonly used gain method is the digitization.
The usual digitized method has 2 ways: (1) vector data
vector track; (2) uses the scanning way then to transform Cheng
Shitan the form. Among them, the essential question is must
enhance digitized the precision, the positional information error
should limit in 0.2mm.
4.3 remote sensing gains
To the partial foundations geography information and the
transportation topic information, specially is in during the change
the striation and the surface shape essential factor, may use the
remote sensing gain. Using the remote sensing image charting
technical method, draws up the transportation topic map under the GIS
technical support, is one fast manufacture electron map method.
Along with the remote sensing technology unceasing development,
the remote sensing spatial resolution more and more is especially
high, like the IKONOS satellite resolution already achieved 1m×lm,
this has provided non- Changfu for the transportation topic map
manufacture moreover the real-time information, therefore the remote
sensing manufacture electron map had real-time, the tendency and the
charting speed quick characteristic.
4.4GPS system gain
Regarding the shape essential factor spatial
information, like the vehicles localization, the traffic accident has
the place and so on, may gain by the GPS system. The GPS system
may provide the global cover, all-weather, the free high accuracy
standard time service/navigation localization service, carries the GPS
receiver through the vehicle to be allowed real-time to obtain the
vehicles the latitude and longitude position and the time and so on
the essential information. The vehicles positioning system the
information and the electronic map which obtains the GPS system
carries on the map match, may determine the vehicles in municipal
transportation path concrete position.
At present, the telemetering terrain landform and the path smart
situation gathering special-purpose observation and control automobile
has developed the second-generation, but rapidly surveys and draws the
path digital map, instantaneous gathering transportation water
therefore scene each kind of data and pictorial information.
4.5 manual gains
Regarding the sudden change transportation information,
may use the manual direct input. This kind of transportation
information has fortuitousness, the burst characteristics, does not
have the means with the tool direct gain, only can use manually
promptly to input. For example: Occurs transportation Ban
Gushi, needs Feng Road. By now, the administrative personnel to
be possible to use the manual operation in the control center to input
Feng Road's information the computer, after the process procedure
transformation, displayed on the electronic map.
5 intelligent transportation neutron map certain manufacture
methods and attention question
At present, uses the electronic map manufacture way
mainly has 2 kinds: (1) first manufactures the paper nature map,
the process digitization meter digitization, then with software and so
on Arc/Info processes the digital map, enters the foundation geography
information database, then using Arcview, MapInfo, Geostar, software
and so on Arc/Info, MapGIS joins the transportation topic attribute,
and carries on the function module the design, finally makes the
electronic map; (2) uses the remote sensing image, the remote
sensing image process rejects the atmospheric agents the influence,
the geometry corrects, the fine correction, image intensification
processing, the principal components transformation, the non-
surveillance classifies, the surveillance classifies, the space
filters and so on a series of pretreatments, then utilizes PCI
software and Arc/Info software, makes the digital map on the screen
through the man-machine interactive way, after joins the
transportation topic attribute and the function module becomes the
electronic map. The brief manufacture flow see Figure 1.
The electronic map in the manufacture process, needs to pay
attention to following several.
(1) in digitized process, in order to enhance the digitized map
the precision, first, the base chart must choose most newly the most
entire paper nature map; Next, should choose 4 above the Tin
spot, also the error should control as far as possible in 0.003;
On the chart 2 o'clock allows the limiting value to be supposed
quite to be small; Moreover, the digitized personnel's level of
expertise must be high; After the final digitization must carry
on the inspection and the revision, avoids having the omission
situation.
(2) in the remote sensing imagery processing process, several
which needs to pay attention is: (1) When selection remote
sensing picture must consider business resolution and the economic
efficiency unify, high resolution remote sensing picture place thing
clarity high, its picture structure fine degree of fineness high, but
processing speed slow, also price more expensive, low resolution
remote sensing picture although the price is lower, but the effect is
not good, not suitablly makes the transportation topic chart,
therefore must embark from the economical angle, the completely world
uses the high resolution the remote sensing chart; (2)
Considered the intelligent transportation neutron map striation
essential factor prominent characteristic, in carries on the remote
sensing to attempt you to process time, may stress
Linearly thing information withdrawing, convolutes, the
directional filter, the contrast expansion and colored synthesis
processing in the processing method primarily, very little needs the
picture to carry on classified processing, when consideration picture
processing plan, also does not need to consider several time
questions; (3) Because the electronic map itself precision
request is not high, therefore is opposite to 1m×lm the ground
resolution uses visual Xie Yi is no problem, when manufactures the
scale smaller electron map, uses 30m×30m the resolution remote
sensing picture also is no problem.
(3) when establishment foundation geography information
database, should consider the data the code question. At
present, the data code divides into the classified code and the
identification code 2 kinds. The classified code explanation
entity respective category, the execution has issued the
implementation national standard GBl3923 92; The identification
code uses in to mark each main entity, like county and county level
above inhabitant and its administrative demarcation line, railroad,
primary highway (federal highway, highway, level of roads, partial
provincial roads), main rivers, lake and so on. In addition, but
also should consider the data management question. At present,
mainly carries on the data management using ARC/INFO software data
bank administration module LIBRARY. The district (TILE) and the
lamination (LAYER) is the data bank administration crosswise and the
longitudinal most basic unit. TILE is the database data
depositing basic unit, in fact is refers to each work area (child
directory), take map minute as an unit, all TILE covers the entire
database the scope. LAYER is a database
Data content lamination memory cell. According to
intelligence transportation system need, in district (TILE) above,
namely above work area, but also divides the criterion (SCALE), uses
in to manage does not use the scale the map sheet.
(4) when establishment transportation topic attribute database,
must pay attention to the transportation attribute certainly to want
and the transportation material object 11 correspondences.
(5) in the transportation electron map function module, except
the enlargement, reduces, demonstrates, the inquiry, the
superimposition and so on outside the basic function module, but also
should have the navigation, the optimal path choice, the vehicles
unblocks and so on the higher paraffin module.
6 conclusions
Our country electron map had the successful model in
intelligence transportation system application, specially the
electronic navigation map, like person and so on Li dawn designs the
manufacture the Xi'an goose tower area transportation electron map,
successfully has applied to the topic "the GPS technology in the
vehicles guidance system applied research"; In Beijing mass
transit main corporation GPS vehicles supervisory system electronic
map; Yang Zhao promotes the person to design the manufacture the
municipal transportation to flow in the induction system the electron
traffic map. These all explained the transportation electron map
is day by day mature, but also has the very many need diligently
place. Present transportation electron map function relatively
simple, only can achieve the navigation the function, but also has
very many questions to need to solve, like the best route and the most
short circuited stub choice algorithm has realized, but utilizes has
been unpleasant. This article only was has carried on the
analysis from the overall angle to the transportation electron map,
discussed its some functions, the characteristic, the gain method, the
manufacture process and so on |
