Our country to makes the automated technology the research
extremely to take, in recent years already has done the massive work
in the research and the application. For example, the country
863 planned the CIMS subject specially to establish "the manufacture
automation" the technical topic, each yearly average has established
the certain quantity research topic; In the national
universities has established "the national college manufacture
automation research board", an every two years academic congress,
revolved the manufacture automation subject to do the massive
research.
In view of the fact that "the manufacture automation" this name
the time which appears in our country not very is also long,
simultaneously and further because its connotation, the research
present situation and the development tendency are in unceasingly in
the development and the dynamic change process, therefore this article
to made automated the connotation to carry on the discussion, has made
the analysis and the elaboration to its research present situation and
the development tendency.
1. manufactures automations generalized
connotation
As the name suggests, "the manufacture automation"
first should concern with "the manufacture".
Traditional understanding, people generally "manufacture"
understanding for product mechanical technological process or
machine-finishing process. For example well-known Longman
dictionary to "manufacture" (Manufacture) the explanation is "carries
on (product) through the machine to manufacture or the production,
specially is suitable for the mass".
Along with human productive forces development, "manufacture"
the concept and the connotation and "the process" two aspects greatly
develop in "the scope". The scope aspect, the manufacture
involves the industry domain far from limits to the machine
manufacture, including national economy and so on machinery, electron,
chemical industry, light industry, food and war industry massive
professions. The manufacture is already defined as may use the
resources (including material, energy and so on) through the
corresponding process, to transform for may use for the people with
the use industrial product or the life consumable industry [ 1 ].
The process aspect, makes only refers to the concrete
technological process, but is includes product entire life cycle
process and so on market analysis, product design, production
technological process, assembly examines and sells service, if the
international production project academic society in 1990 gave "the
manufacture" the under definition is: The manufacture is
involves in the manufacture industry the product design, the material
choice, the productive plan, the production process, the quality
guaranteed, the management management, the market sale and service a
series of correlations and the work always calls [ 2 ].
In summary, at present has two kind of understanding to the
manufacture, one is the usual manufacture concept, refers to the
product "the manufacture process" or is called "the small manufacture
concept", like machine-finishing process; Another is the
generalized manufacture concept, including the product entire life
cycle process, is called "the big manufacture concept". In the
practical application, two all is using, its conceptual realm regards
the special details to decide.
"The automation (Automation)" was American D.S.Harder proposes
in 1936 [ 3 ]. At that time he worked in the General Motors, he
thought in a production process, between the machine components shift
did not choose a person for a job transports is "the automation".
This essence is the early manufacture automation concept.
The manufacture automation (hereafter refers to as automation)
the concept is a dynamic developing process. In the past, the
people to the automation the understanding or said automated the
function goal is replaces the manpower operation by the machinery
movement, automatically completes the specific work. In this
essence is the automation replaces person's physical labor viewpoint.
Afterwards along with electronic and the information technology
development, specially along with the computer appearance and the
widespread application, the automated concept expanded for uses the
machine (including computer) not only to replace person's physical
labor moreover also to replace or the auxiliary mental labor, by
automatically completes the specific work.
Today looked like automated the above concept is also imperfect.
Regards as the automated function goal is replaces person's
physical labor or the mental labor with the machine is the quite
narrow understanding. This kind of understanding has even
hindered the automated technology development in some kind of degree,
for example, some people believed, the Chinese are many, does the
automated not very big necessity.
Today, the manufacture automation by far broke through the above
traditional concept, has broader and a profound connotation. The
manufacture automation generalized connotation at least includes
following several points:
(1) in the form aspect, the manufacture automation
has three aspects the meanings:
. Replaces person's physical labor.
. Replaces or assistant's mental labor.
. In manufacture system person, machine and overall system
coordination, management, control and optimization.
(2) in the function aspect, the manufacture
automation replaces person's physical labor or the mental labor merely
is makes the automated function target complex a part. The
manufacture automation function goal is various, has formed an organic
system. This system may use the function simulated target
description which like chart 1 shows. This function simulated
target is called the TQCSE model, T expression time (Time), Q
expressed the quality (Quality), C expressed the cost (Cost), S
expressed the service (Service), E expresses the environment
friendliness (Environment).
In TQCSE model T has two aspects the meanings, one is refers
uses the automated technology, can reduce the product manufacture
cycle, the product goes on the market quickly; Two, enhances the
productivity. The Q meaning uses the automated system, can
improve and guarantee the product quality. The C meaning is uses
the automated technology to be able effectively to reduce the cost,
enhances the economic efficiency. S also has two aspects the
meanings, one uses the automated technology, completes the market
service work well; Two, the use automation technology, the
substitution or reduces makes personnel's physical strength and the
mental labor, directly for makes the personnel to serve. The E
meaning is makes the automation to be supposed to be advantageous to
the full use resources, reduces the reject and the environmental
pollution, is advantageous to the realization green manufacture.
The TQCSE model also indicated that, T, Q, C, S, E are the
interdependence, they constituted a manufacture automation function
goal organic system.
(3) in the scope aspect, the manufacture automation not only
involves to the concrete production manufacture process, but involves
product life cycle all processes.
2. manufactures automations technology research
present situation
Just like this article foreword states, domestic
and foreign to makes the automated technology the research extremely
to take, has already conducted the massive research. The
synthesis says, the manufacture automation technology research present
situation mainly displays in following several aspects.
In 2.1 manufactures systems integrated technology
and the system technology have become in the manufacture automation
research the hot topic
The manufacture automation engineering research
mainly concentrated in the past in the unit and in the skill research,
these technologies including control technology (for example numerical
control technology, process control and process monitoring and so on)
and computer assistance technology (for example CAD, CAPP, CAM and CAE
and so on) and so on. In recent years, continued while the above
unit technology and the skill which developed, in the manufacture
system integrated technology and the system technology research
development is rapid, has become in the manufacture automation
research the hot spot.
In the manufacture system integrated technology and the system
technology affected area is very broad. Integrated technology
including the manufacture system in information integration and the
function integration technology (for example CIMS), the process
integration technology (for example parallel project CE), the
enterprise integrates the technology (for example agilely to make AM)
and so on; System technology including manufacture system
analysis technology, manufacture system modelling technology,
manufacture system operation technology, manufacture system
administration technology and manufacture system optimization
technology and so on.
2.2 even more pays great attention to in the
research manufacture automated system person's function display
In past section of times, the people once thought the
overall automation and nobody chemical plant or the workshop were
makes the automated development the goal. Is thorough and some
nobody chemical plant implementation defeat along with the practice,
the people have carried on reconsidering to nobody manufacture
automation question, and has the vital role regarding the person in
the manufacture automated system which the machine cannot be
substituted to carry on rehad known. Has in view of this,
domestic and foreign regarding how person and manufacture system
organic synthesis, has launched the positive exploration in the theory
and the technology. In recent years, proposed "man-machine
integration manufacture system", "take person as central manufacture
system" and so on new thought, its connotation displays person's key
role, uses a person - machine body the technical route, the person
took in the system structure the organic constituent, causes the
person and the machine is in the optimized cooperation the status, in
the realization manufacture system the person and the machine
integration man-machine integration policy-making mechanism, obtains
the manufacture system the best benefit. At present, revolves
the man-machine integration question domestic and foreign to conduct
the massive research.
2.3 units systems research still held the important
position
The unit system is take or a many numerical
controls processing equipment and the material storage and transport
system as a main body, under the computer common control management,
may carry on the multi- varieties, center the small batch components
automation processing production machine-finishing system always
called. It is the computer integration manufacture system (CIMS)
the important constituent, is the automated factory workshop work plan
decomposition decision-making strata and the concrete implementing
agency. The domestic and foreign manufactures profession
invested the massive manpower physical resource in the unit system
theory and the engineering research aspect, therefore unit technology
regardless of is software or the hardware has the rapid development.
For example: US "Manufacturing Engineering"
high-level edits Robert B.Aronson recently specially
published the synthesis review article "the numerical control unit
(system) the newest progress" [ 5 ], carried on the summary to the
numerical control unit system development condition, in which had
pointed out: "The unit (system) at present already started to
affect and to control the American manufacturing industry."
"Manufaturing Engineering" another edition also
simultaneously wrote the article [ 6 ] to introduce the unit system
the huge function which displayed in the US Boeing Company. In
recent years also proposed one kind based on multi- main bodies
(Multi-Agent) the modular manufacture system, its research ons the
rise.
2.4 manufactures processes plan and the dispatch
research is extremely active, but the practical achievement also not
much sees
The American Ingersoll milling machine company once
analyzed entered shop the manufacture process in the traditional
manufacture factory from the raw material which left the plant to the
product. The result indicated that, said to machine parts, some
5% time are only on the engine bed; In 95% time, the components
transport or the waiting in different place and between the different
engine bed. Reduces this 95% time, is enhances the manufacture
productivity the important direction. The optimized manufacture
process plan and the dispatch are reduces 95% time the main method.
Has in view of this, domestic and foreign to makes the process
the plan and the dispatch research is extremely active, has published
the massive research paper and the research results. Only take
the Singapore once every two years international CIM congress as the
example, recently several sessions of congresses papers were
centralized, the plan and the dispatch aspect research occupied quite
a part.
Manufacture process plan and dispatch research aspect although
has obtained the massive research results, but as a result of the
manufacture process complexity and randomness, enables to enter the
practical application specially is suitable the surface bigger
research results to be very few, the massive research also waits for
further deepens.
2.5 flexible manufactures technology research is
approaching the depth and the generalized development
As soon as mentioned flexible manufacture technology,
the people often first think of flexible manufacture system FMS.
Earliest FMS was in 1967 develops "System by English Molins
Corporation 24" [ 3 ], until now already some more than
30 years history. At present FMS already in developed country
widespread application. Although the FMS research had a longer
history, but because its complexity and unceasingly develops, until
now still had the massive scholars to conduct the research regarding
this. The present research mainly revolves FMS the system
structure, the control, the management and the optimized movement is
carrying on.
Flexible manufacture system FMS although has the automaticity
high and the operating efficiency higher merit, but as a result of its
not only attenion information flow integration, also specially
emphasized the material flows the integration and the automation, the
thing flows the automatic equipment investment to hold the quite great
proportion in the entire FMS investment, also the FMS movement
reliability relies on in the very great degree to the thing flows the
automatic equipment the normal operation, therefore FMS also has
invests big, effective slow and the reliable disposition correlation
inferior is insufficient.
The DNC technology obtained the very big development in recent
years. Early DNC refers to Distributed numerical control, namely computer direct numerical control.
At present we said DNC including two kind of situations:
One, is the computer direct numerical control, another figure is
Direct numerical control, namely
distributional numerical control. This article said DNC mainly
refers to latter. DNC (distributional numerical control)
emphasized the information the integration and the information flow
automation, the material flows the control and the execution may
massively involve the man-machine interactive. Relative FMS said
that, DNC has invests small, effective quick, the flexibility good and
the reliable higher characteristic, thus the recent years research was
extremely active [ 7 ].
The flexible manufacture technology foundation is a numerical
control. The numerical control technology although had more than
40 years history, but until now still unceasingly was consummating and
the development. Some new numerical control systems unceasingly
are emerging.
2.6 adaptions modern production pattern manufacture
environment research ons the rise
Presently, the prompt system production (Just in time), the parallel project (Concurrent engineering), the excellent production (Lean production), the agile manufacture (Agile manufacturing) and so on modern manufacture pattern
proposing impelled the manufacture automation engineering research and
the application development with the research, meets the modern
manufacture pattern application need.
For example: Revolves agilely to make this 121 centuries
to occupy the dominant position the manufacture pattern research, to
makes in the automated system the agile manufacture question research
more and more to receive takes. The main question including the
agile manufacture pattern under manufacture automated system system
structure, the highly effective flexible manufacture system modelling
and the heavy construction, the manufacturing capacity survey, the
appraisal and the control and the manufacture processing process draws
up solid manufacture and so on.
2.7 first floors processings system
intellectualization and the integrated research is more and more
active
If in the present world in the IMS plan, proposed
intelligent complete manufacture system HMS (Holonic manufacturing system), HMS is bonds by the
intelligent complete unit becomes; Its first floor equipment has
the opening, the autonomy, the cooperation, the adaption flexibility,
reliable, is easy to integrate and robustness is good and so on the
characteristic. Moreover, at present in the world just appeared
the hypothesized axis engine bed, transformed the traditional engine
bed principle of work, in its performance had many unique superiority,
was specially advantageous to realizes in the workshop each
hypothesized axis engine bed control and the integration. Also
like the fast prototype manufacture (Rapid prototyping)
was one kind is advantageous to the realization integration
manufacture new technology, the recent years research is extremely
active.
3. manufactures automations technology
development tendency
The manufacture automation technology research
development was in recent years rapid, its development tendency might
use "ε
ε" briefly to describe. Namely the manufacture
globalization, the manufacture is agile, the manufacture network, the
manufacture hypothesized, the manufacture intellectualization and
makes the green.
3.1 manufactures globalization
Manufacture globalization concept stemming from
American and Japanese Europe and so on developed country intelligent
system plan. In recent years along with the Internet technology
development, the manufacture globalization research and the
application development was rapid. The manufacture globalization
includes the content is extremely widespread, main including:
. The market internationalization, the product sale global
network is forming.
. Product design and development international cooperation.
. Product manufacture transnational.
. Manufacture enterprise in world scope reorganization and
integration, like dynamic alliance company.
. Manufacture resources cross area, cross national coordination,
sharing and optimized use.
. The global manufacture system structure is going to form.
3.2 manufactures is agile
The agile manufacture is one kind face the 21st century
manufacture strategies and the modern manufacture pattern, in the
current global scope the agile manufacture research is extremely
active. The agile manufacture is speaking of the generalized
manufacture system. The manufacture environment and the
manufacture process agile question is the agile manufacture important
constituent. Agile is makes the environment and the manufacture
process face the 21st century manufactures inevitable trend. The
manufacture environment and the manufacture process agile includes the
content is very broad, for example:
. Flexibility: Including machine flexibility, craft
flexibility, movement flexibility and expansion flexible and so on.
. Heavy construction ability: Can realize fast reorganizes
the heavy construction, strengthens to the new product development
fast response ability.
. Fast integrated manufacture craft: If the fast prototype
makes RPM, is one kind of CAD/CAM integrated craft.
3.3 manufactures networks
Current because the network technology specially is the
Internet/Intranet technology rapid development, is making the activity
for the enterprise to bring the new transformation, its influence
depth, the breadth and the development speed often far surpass
people's forecast. Just like in October, 1997 at the fourth
session of international CIM congress which convened in Singapore,
congress President Dr. Robert Gay pointed out:
"Since 1995 third session of international CIM congress, based
on Internet production management has been beyond expectation the
swift and violent growth [ 7 ]". Also like US "Manufacturing Engineering" the magazine high-level edited Jean V.Owin recently specially to write the article to
elaborate based on the Internet manufacture great significance and the
application situation [ 8 ].
Based on network manufacture, including following several
aspects:
(1) makes the environment interior the network,
realization manufacture process integration.
(2) makes the environment and the entire
manufacture enterprise's network, in realization manufacture
environment and enterprise engineering design, management information
system and so on various subsystems integration.
(3) enterprise and enterprise's network,
realization enterprise's resources sharing, combination and optimized
use.
(4) through the network, realizes differently
makes.
In brief, the manufacture network, specially has become the
important development tendency based on the Internet/Intranet
manufacture.
3.4 manufactures hypothesized
Makes hypothesized mainly refers to the hypothesized
manufacture, also the name draws up the solid manufacture.
The hypothesized manufacture (Virtual manufacturing) is take the manufacture technology and
the computer technical support system modelling technology and the
simulation technology as the foundation, the collection modern
manufacture craft, the computer graphics, the parallel project, the
artificial intelligence, the artificial realistic technology and the
multimedia technology and so on the many kinds of high-tech is a body,
forms one kind of system ensemble technology by the multi-disciplinary
knowledge. It maps in the hypothesized environment the reality
manufacture environment and its the manufacture process through the
establishment system model which the computer and its the correlation
technology supports, simulates the reality manufacture environment and
its manufacture process all activities and the product under the
hypothesized environment makes the entire process, and carries on the
forecast and the appraisal to the product manufacture and the
manufacture system behavior.
The hypothesized manufacture research more and more is receiving
takes. For example: The American government formulates
TEAM (agile manufacture enables plan) including 5 key research areas,
the hypothesized manufacture is one of them. The hypothesized
manufacture is the realization agile manufacture important essential
technology, will be very important to the future manufacturing
industry development; Simultaneously the hypothesized
manufacture from now on will be developing into the very big software
industry, we will be supposed fully to note this development tendency.
3.5 manufactures intellectualizations
The intelligent manufacture will be the future makes
the automated development the important direction.
The so-called intelligent manufacture system is one kind the
man-machine integration intelligence system which is composed together
by the intelligent machine and the human experts, it can carry on the
intelligent activity in the manufacture process, such as analysis,
inference, judgement, idea and decision-making and so on. The
intelligent manufacture technology objective lies in through the
person and the intelligent machine cooperation works together as
colleagues, expands, extends with partially substitutes for the human
expert's in manufacture process mental labor, realizes the manufacture
process optimization.
Some person of predictions next century manufacture industry "I"
will mark by two, namely Integration (integration) and Intelligence
(intelligence).
3.6 manufactures greens
The environment, the resources, the population are
three major main problems which now the human society faces.
Specially the environment question, its worsened degree and the
date sharp increase, pose the serious threat to human society's
survival and the development. The recent years research and the
practice made the people to realize definitely had be the isolation
existence to the environment question, it and the resources, the
population two questions have the fundamental inner link.
Specially the resources question, how does it not only involve
the human world limited resources to use, moreover it also has the
environment question main root. To when, in recent years, a new
concept already proposed that, Effectively uses the resources
and the threshold produces the reject, is in the current world the
environment question effects a permanent cure the road.
Manufacturing industry quantity big surface broad, is very big
to the environment overall influence. It can be said, the
manufacturing industry on the one hand is creates the human wealth the
pillar industry, but simultaneously also is the current environmental
pollution main source. Has in view of this, how causes the
manufacturing industry little to have the environmental pollution is a
current environment question research important aspect as far as
possible. Thereupon a new concept - green manufacture (Green manufacturing) [ 10 ] from this production.
The green manufacture is a synthesis consideration environmental
effect and the resources efficiency modern manufacture pattern, its
goal is causes the product from the design, the manufacture, the
packing, the transportation, to use to discards processing in the
entire product life cycle, to environment influence (negative)
smallest, the resources efficiency is highest. The green
manufacture is the sustainable developmental strategy in manufacturing
industry manifesting, or said the green manufacture is the modern
manufacturing industry sustainable development pattern.
The green manufacture involves the surface is very broad [ 11 ],
involves to the product entire life cycle and the multi- lives cycle.
Speaking of makes the environment and the manufacture process,
the green manufacture mainly involves to the resources optimized use,
the clean production and the reject are few and the comprehensive
utilization. The green manufacture will be at present and the
future makes the automated system to be supposed to give the full
consideration a major issue.
4. conclusions
The manufacture automation is a dynamic concept,
has extremely widespread and the profound connotation. At
present makes the automated technology the research to be extremely
active, mainly displays in the manufacture system the integrated
technology and the system technology, the man-machine integration
manufacture system, the manufacture unit technology, the manufacture
process plan and the dispatch, the flexible manufacture technology and
the adaption modern production pattern manufacture environment
research aspect. The manufacture automation technology
development tendency may use "ε
ε" the brief description, namely
the manufacture globalization, the manufacture is agile, the
manufacture network, the manufacture hypothesized, the manufacture
intellectualization and makes the green.
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